As an entrepreneur, one of the biggest decisions you’ll make is what entity type to form. A lot of aspiring business professionals are drawn to the Limited Liability Company (LLC for short).
And it’s not surprising why: an LLC gives personal asset protection and a flexible taxation structure without compromising flexibility and easy business upkeep. Long story short, it’s easy to operate an LLC (okay, relatively; all business is a bit complicated).
However, if you’ve looked at the Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs business resources, you’ll quickly notice that not all LLCs are created equal. Michigan distinguishes between standard LLCs and PLLCs.
Not sure what that means? Don’t worry; we’ve got you covered. In this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about Michigan PLLCs, including how they differ from LLCs, who can form one, and more importantly, how to get started.
Michigan LLC vs. Michigan PLLC: What’s the difference?
On the surface, LLCs and PLLCs seem really similar. And quite frankly, they have more similarities than differences. Most importantly, both LLCs and PLLCs have what’s commonly referred to as “limited liability” or “personal asset protection.”
We won’t give a long-winded explanation, but essentially, personal asset protection ensures that your private funds, your house, your car, and other assets can’t be claimed if your business is sued or defaults on a debt. In other business types (a sole proprietorship, general partnership, etc.), that can happen—and the consequences can be disastrous.
In general, almost anyone can form an LLC. However, many states, Michigan included, don’t allow certain professions to form a standard LLC; they have to form a Professional Limited Liability Company instead (a Professional Corporation is also an option, but we won’t go into that here).
Here’s why: a PLLC combines elements of a standard LLC and a business like a partnership. Creditors cannot come after the personal assets of a PLLC’s members. However, the PLLC still allows for members to be sued for malpractice.
So if you’re an engineer and one of your designs causes an injury that gets you sued, you can be held accountable. But if another member is responsible for the malpractice, you’re not penalized.
Here are the Michigan professions that are required to organize as a PLLC:
- Dentists
- Attorneys at law
- Public accountants
- Doctors of divinity and members of the clergy
- Chiropractors
- Surgeons
- Optometrists
- Physicians
- Veterinarians
- Osteopathic physicians
- Podiatrists
- Land surveyors
- Physician assistants
- Professional engineers
- Architects
Michigan is pretty picky about who can be a member (i.e., an owner) of a PLLC. Only professionals with an active license in the business’s profession can have ownership stakes. Other states allow for half of the members to have licenses, but Michigan requires them all.
Does your business fall into one of the above categories? If not, check out our guide for forming a Michigan LLC. But if you’re one of the professions listed, then this guide can help.
How to Set Up a Michigan PLLC
Setting up a Michigan PLLC might seem complicated on the surface, but if you know what to do, it’s a fairly straightforward process. In the rest of this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know for setting up your PLLC. By the time we’re through, you’ll have your business up and running.
If you’re busy and just want to hand off the PLLC formation, Incfile and Northwest are two good PLLC formation services that take care of it for you. Sadly, our favorite LLC service Zen Business does not (yet) offer professional LLC formation.
1. Ensure your professionals have the necessary licenses
Remember how we said that every member in a Michigan PLLC needs to have a license? You’ll want to take care of that before handling anything else. Thankfully, Michigan offers a helpful State License Search tool. Simply search your industry, and the tool will pull up all the state licenses related to the trade. Or if you’d prefer, you can browse a comprehensive alphabetical list of licenses. From there, you can find the appropriate licensing boards for your profession to get started on your applications.
2. Choose a name for your PLLC
Technically speaking, you can take care of this step while you’re handling licenses. And if you’re like us, you’ll want to give it plenty of thought. Thankfully, Michigan doesn’t have a ton of rules on what your name has to be. For starters, your name cannot be the same as the name that’s already in use in the state. You can use a Name Availability Search to check availability.
Michigan also requires your business name to include one of the following designations:
- Professional Limited Liability Company
- P.L.L.C.
- P.L.C.
- PLLC
- PLC
For more information on naming requirements in Michigan, check out the state’s Choosing a Business Name guide or our MI LLC naming guide.
As long as you meet those two requirements, just about any name is fair game. Your own creativity is the only limit. That said, we recommend that you pick a name that’s memorable, easy to say and spell, and gives your customers an idea of what services your business provides. Last but not least, pick a name that you and your members like—at the end of the day, it’s your business!
If you’ve thought of the perfect name but you’re not quite ready to use it, you can reserve it by filing an Application for Reservation of Name. There’s a $25 filing fee. Once complete, the form will ensure your name is protected for 6 months.
3. Appoint a registered agent
Every registered business, regardless of type, is required to appoint a registered agent in West Virginia. Essentially, a registered agent acts as the point of contact between the state and your business. Any official communications—whether that’s a reminder to file your annual report or service of legal process against your business—will be delivered to your registered agent, not your business.
You can serve as your own registered agent, but we recommend that you appoint someone else. It simplifies your life and keeps your personal address off the public record (an agent’s address is listed as public information). We have a few recommended services, too. For more information on registered agents and what the role includes, look here.
You are required to list your registered agent on your Articles of Organization, so don’t skip this step!
4. File your Articles of Organization
Once you’ve taken care of licenses and appointing your registered agent, it’s time to officially form your business! You can do so by filing the Articles of Organization for Use by Domestic Professional Service Limited Liability Companies. In Michigan, LLCs and PLLCs use different forms; they’re slightly different variations of the Articles of Organization. So you’ll need to double-check that you’re using the right form.
In general, this document informs the state about your business, including what profession you’re involved in, who the members are, how the business will be managed, contact information, the name and address of your registered agent, and more.
Michigan allows you to file by mail or online, but no matter how you file, there’s a $50 filing fee. Once the state processes and approves your Articles, your business will be an official entity in the state of Michigan!
What’s next: Maintaining your Michigan PLLC
Your PLLC is now an official entity within the state. Exciting stuff, right? Take a deep breath, congratulate yourself on your hard work…and then get back to it, because there’s more to be done.
Honestly, forming the business is the relatively easy part. There are plenty of ongoing requirements you’ll need to take care of. Failing to do so could cost you your good standing in Michigan (or just make life more difficult than it needs to be).
Let’s jump into what you should do after filing your Articles of Organization.
1. Draft an operating agreement
Unlike a corporation, which must file bylaws with the state, an LLC or a PLLC is not required to file an agreement with the state. However, that doesn’t mean you don’t need to write one. All PLLCs should draft an LLC operating agreement.
The document itself doesn’t need to be complicated; long story short, it should dictate how your business operates. But writing one at the outset will help down the road. For example, an agreement can detail how new members join the business, how they buy out, how profits are distributed, the rights and responsibilities of each member, and more. By setting these policies out in the beginning, you can set yourself up for success.
An operating agreement is also essential if you intend to get a business bank account; most banks request a copy of your agreement when you open an account.
2. Get general business licenses
Don’t confuse this step with the professional licenses we’ve listed above! As a PLLC, industry-specific licenses are part of the game. You can’t technically exist without those. However, it’s not uncommon for states to also require a general business license.
Unlike many states, Michigan does not require a general business license that applies to every entity in the state. As long as you’ve obtained the professional licenses you need, you should be set to go. That said, we do recommend that you double-check the state’s list of licenses to make sure you’ve gotten all of the ones you need. There is a chance that there’s a unique miscellaneous license that applies to your business that we haven’t touched on here.
3. File for an Employer Identification Number (EIN)
If you plan on having employees—even if it’s just one or two—then you’ll need to obtain an Employer Identification Number from the IRS. Technically, you can hire someone to file this form for you, but we recommend doing it yourself. It’s free to do on your own, and (unlike a lot of IRS tax forms) pretty easy to file.
Please note that you need to complete the filing in one sitting, so be sure to have your Taxpayer Information Number (the SSN for most people) on hand. Once you complete the filing online, you’ll receive your number almost immediately.
4. Look into business insurance
You’re a licensed professional. You’ve taken the exam, or you’ve worked hard to obtain the certifications needed for your trade. But don’t assume that your license alone will protect you from all the things that can go wrong while running your business.
Ideally, nothing too drastic will happen, but just in case, it’s a good idea to obtain liability coverage for your business. Michigan does not require you to have a general business policy, but we recommend it.
However, Michigan does require all businesses with one or more employees to obtain workers’ compensation insurance. This policy protects both you and your employees if and when there’s an accident on the job. You can learn more about this policy at the Michigan Workers’ Disability Compensation Agency.
Last but not least, you should get a business auto policy for any company-owned vehicles (if applicable).
5. Complete annual filings
Every year, your PLLC will have two primary annual filings: taxes and annual reports. Almost every state requires both types, but the exact timing and procedures for them varies from one state to the next. Let’s talk about taxes and annual reports in Michigan.
Annual taxes
One of the biggest advantages to a PLLC is that you can choose your taxation structure. You get to elect to be taxed as a corporation (the business itself pays the taxes) or as a pass-through entity (the tax burden passes through to the members, who pay the tax as individuals).
Taxes can be a touch complicated; Michigan’s aren’t incredibly complicated, but there are a few nuances to pay attention to. The biggest impact is the state’s income tax. If you pay taxes on the individual level, then you’ll pay a rate of 4.25%. There’s also its counterpart, the corporate income tax. The general rate is 6%, but the state gives a credit for small businesses. It’s adjusted to 1.8% of your adjusted business income. Those two income taxes apply to most businesses, but a few fall under the Michigan Business Tax instead.
If your business is involved in the sale of qualifying goods or services, then you’ll need to collect and pay the state sales tax. Currently, the rate is 6%. You can read more about the state sales tax here.
We could also dig into all the miscellaneous tax types that could apply to your business, but we don’t want to make this guide tedious! For a fuller look at taxes in Michigan, check out the Michigan Department of Treasury.
Annual reports
All PLLCs in Michigan must also file an annual statement; it’s a different form than your annual tax return. Essentially, the document updates the state about the current standing of your business, from your finances to your registered agent and several things in between.
In Michigan, the annual statement (called an annual report in most states) is due every year by February 15th. There is a $25 filing fee. It’s easiest to file online, but if you’d rather file by mail, your registered agent will have one on hand.
6. Set up a business bank account
One of the biggest advantages to a PLLC is the fact that your personal assets are protected (with the exception of malpractice). However, those assets are only protected if you keep your personal funds and your business funds completely separate. Mixing them is a major legal no-no.
To keep them separate, you’ll need to get a business bank account. As an added bonus, you’ll be able to get checks and debit cards for your business, which makes it easier to buy supplies for your business. Plus, a lot of people are more comfortable writing checks to a business than they are writing a check to “John Smith.” It gives you another level of credibility with your clients.
Conclusion
By permitting professionals to form PLLCs, Michigan provides you with unique opportunities: liability protection, opportunities to work with fellow owners, flexible taxation, the reputability of a registered business, and more. Setting up a PLLC isn’t a walk in the park, but by following the steps in this guide, it doesn’t have to be difficult. We hope this guide has helped you do just that, and we wish you the best as you start a PLLC in MI.